2023 № 09

The author examines the main precursors of the student's personality development and the basics of the formation of personal learning outcomes, as well as mechanisms for improving the assessment of personal outcomes in the development of basic educational programs in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standards of General Education. The article analyzes the problem field of the process of formation of personal learning outcomes and focuses on improving the mechanisms for assessing personal outcomes in mastering the basic educational programs by students.

The article deals with the environmental problem of accidental oil spills and describes their consequences. Methods of oil spill response are considered: mechanical, thermal, physicochemical, biological.

The analysis of the entrance tests results in chemistry at the AESC of MSU has revealed typical problems in the preparation of ninth graders. Applicants have succeeded in standard problems solving. At the same time difficulties are caused by interdisciplinary or non-standard tasks, unusual units of measurement, experiment planning, applying chemical knowledge in everyday life.

The article considers contextual tasks for finding structural formulas of organic substances. The author draws attention to the fact that the application of such tasks in educational practice not only expands and deepens students' knowledge, but also introduces them to the history of the development of organic chemistry, motivates to achievements by the example of historical figures, shows how the achievements of organic chemistry are applied. In the tasks, it is proposed to find the molecular formulas of substances traditionally by the mass fractions of chemical elements, by the mass and or volume of combustion products, as well as by the mass fractions of protons, neutrons, electrons, or their ratio. The article contains 60 contextual tasks, brief answers to them are given. This work can help teachers and tutors of chemistry in teaching, educating, and developing students. The application of the presented tasks will allow you to successfully prepare for the Unified State Exam and Chemistry Olympiads.

Studying basic salts, one can clearly consider the reasons for the low solubility of some ionic compounds; the effect of the bond type on chemical properties; the dependence of reaction products on the order of mixing of reagents; hydrolysis of salts by cation; writing formulas for non-binary compounds.

When preparing for chemistry classes in classrooms with different profile areas, teachers may have difficulties in developing a didactic lesson scenario, due to the need not only to deepen into the profile chosen by the student, but also to take into account the trajectory of further movement to the profession chosen by him. This article suggests the development of an educational lesson in chemistry for a teacher working in classes where subjects are studied at an advanced level, and in specialized classes of professional orientation.

The article is devoted to the problem of organizing home education for chemistry students via an individual educational route. It provides an analysis of psychological, pedagogical and methodological sources that reveal the essence and features of homeschooling. The principles, organizational and methodological conditions for the implementation of home education are substantiated. An example of an educational map is given, which presents the main elements of the content of all lessons on the topic. Conclusions are presented that prove the effectiveness of the methodology for organizing home education for chemistry students along an individual educational route.

The author's version of structuring information on the theme «Chemical properties of nitrogen and its compounds» in the form of a compact outline-scheme, which is proposed to be used in the classroom as a handout, is considered. It is shown that the use of outline-scheme makes it possible to teach a topic with a generally accepted sequence of presentation of the material and intensify the learning process.

The problem of the formation of chemical literacy in school students is considered. A contextual task is proposed aimed at developing chemical literacy and developed using up-to-date information on the prospects for the development of Mars.

The textbooks published by the Prosveshenie publishing house in an accessible and interesting form will help students master the necessary ideas about chemical processes, the ability to plan and conduct chemical experiments.

In physics lessons at school, students get acquainted with the basic principles of qualitative spectral analysis. The use of this knowledge in the study of chemistry serves to establish interdisciplinary connections that contribute to the formation of a holistic natural science picture of the world in students, and also helps students to better understand the complex theoretical and experimental aspects of this topic.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the rich methodological heritage of the outstanding methodologist-chemist V.N. Verkhovsky, whose 150th birthday is celebrated this year. It is discussed and proved that much of his methodological experience is relevant at the present time. Examples of the author's methodological ideas and findings that are still in demand today are given. The difficult way of the appearance and exclusion of the test method from chemical education is shown.

The subjects of laboratory, course and diploma works of undergraduate and graduate students of the profiles “Chemistry” and “Chemical Education” using the equipment of the university's technology parks are presented. The tasks and results of practice in research work on the basis of technology parks are given. Professional tests for schoolchildren in the areas of “Analytical Chemist” and “Electrochemist”, a lesson for the pedagogical class “Using Releon digital laboratories to update chemistry lessons”, organized in technology parks, are described.

The article deals with organizing excursions for schoolchildren. As an example, an educational excursion to the oil refinery is described.

The article presents the results of the preparation and conduct of chemical studies on obtaining phosphorus(III) and (V) chlorides, as well as their comparative analysis in many respects.