2014 № 4

The year of 2014 in the life of the Russian people along with the other remarkable dates is characterized by the most important world cultural event, which is conducting the XXIInd Winter OlympicGames in Sochi and the 180th anniversary of the Russian scholar-chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907). These remarkable events certainly must find the reflection in the process of teaching students in chemistry. As an example, we will provide opportunities of using the given material in the mode of cognitive tasks, which are used at the chemistry lessons.

Peculiarities of oxidation-reduction reactions of organic compounds. Alkynes, alkadyenes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons oxidation. The paper describes series of methodic recommendations related to one of the most difficult problem of organic chemistry course results are given for the redox reactions of alkynes, alkadyenes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons of different structures at various conditions.

The ability to create a generalization to the standards of the second generation are defined as transdisciplinarity results of new educational programs. The article analyzes the different typological characteristics of generalizations and argues that with the creation of generalizations in the educational process possible to use methods of induction, deduction, and their combination; build the chain of generalizations; implementation of generalizations on the empirical and theoretical levels. Shows examples of generalizing procedures on a particular subject material.

Contextual lessons are one of ways to achieve educational outcomes which was planned federal state educational standards in Russia. The paper contains description of the contextual lesson, which took place in one of the schools of Saint Petersburg. High emotional level of this lesson helped to achieve learning objectives, to promote students’ love of Russia, understanding of the importance of chemical knowledge in combat. The lesson promoted team building, student’s ability to search information, to transform it from one form to another.

The lesson is dedicated to the analysis of oxides of nitrogen in the 9th Form within the project activity framework. The time allocated to study this material in the 9th Form is very limited, that’s why it is necessary to provide as much as possible information on oxides of nitrogen in class. Using a project method is the most viable in this situation. To that end, a week prior the lesson students were suggested that they should prepare a report on oxides of nitrogen as their home-task. A report may be presented by one individual or a pair of students. For students’ reports to follow one and the same style they are provided with a plan of a report an e-presentation.

The author seeks to present experience of carrying out a lesson of chemistry, having developed it according to Federal State Educational Standards (FGOS) requirements. Instead of ready decisions the teacher approaches to being trained with questions and tasks in which relationship of cause and effect of a structure of substance, properties and application is traced. The desire to find answers induces to vigorous activity.

During the period of mastering the Federal State Educational Standards at schools the organizing the research activity of students becomes important. The authors offer the examples of different research chemistry tasks, which allow involving students into the research activity.

Problem teaching allows increasing the academic motivation, which influences the training outcome directly. The author offers to use different methods of problem teaching organization, for instance, a problem narration, search (heuristic) conversations, problem practice-focused tasks.

The author shares the experience of explaining the subject of “Hydrolysis”. Tasks to consolidate this material are provided.

The article presents on usage of such an active form of control in the academic process as a workshop, which allows involving the entire class simultaneously into the discussion of the vital questions of the topic. A teacher on the basis of his experience shows that workshop classes promote the speech development, critical thinking, and form skills of mutual participation on the discussion of theoretical and practical issues. A plan of one of the workshops on the subject of “Alkenes” in the course of organic chemistry is provided.

Within the framework of the subject of “Azotic acid and nitrates” I offer a lesson-conference for the 9th Forms. Student prepare speeches in advance, while during a practical work determine the concentration of nitrites in food products.

In the work of the identified error concerning the interpretation and use of physical quantities and units in the textbooks on chemistry of 7 - 11 classes of school with a sign «Recommended by the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation» and included in the Federal list. Especially a lot of mistakes occurs in explaining and applying the physical magnitudes - "amount of substance" and the unit "mol", «molar mass» and «molar volume». Identified dimension of the physical magnitudes and the unit of measurement. Incorrectly used multiples and beat unit. Causing the trouble interpretation of such physical magnitudes as the «relative atomic mass», «relative molecular mass», «Avogadro constant», «Faraday constant», «mass part of element in the substance». Used outdated, not corresponding to the SI names: «the atomic mass of a chemical element» and «molecular mass of substance».

Checking and measuring materials on chemistry which is recommended for Unified State Exam were analyzed. Checking and measuring materials suggested for students private individual work must be worked over, inaccuracy and misprints must be prevented.

Offers scientific-methodical analysis of test заданмий chemistry used in the External independent evaluation (UPE) in Ukraine.

Shows how information technology can be used for basic tasks of training and development of experimental skills of students and presentation of reports on experiments. Each stage of the experimental work is fixed students using a photo or video. The resulting materials are the basis for the report on the work done, which is exposed on the network, in an educational forum in the public domain. Students comment on photos, explain the observed changes. This approach allows us to reduce the level of anxiety of students in the classroom, to diversify the chemical experiment, to put into operation the job problem, creative, exploratory nature.

Four laboratory techniques to obtain oxygen are discussed: catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide-urea and thermal decomposition of hydrogen peroxide-urea, potassium chlorate and potassium bromate. Catalytic decomposition of 3% hydrogen peroxide and thermal decomposition of potassium perchlorate were also investigated but turned to be inadequate.

The article introduces the teachers with experience in extracurricular activities in Chemistry "Carbon in the hands of the artist". Extracurricular activities provide answers to the following questions: Where carbon used in painting? What is the impact of carbon black on the monuments of architecture? How to synthesize black watercolor?

Jubilee article devoted to the 180 anniversary of the birth of D. I. Mendeleev.

A. Ye. Brownstein has succeeded to show that the transfer of ammonia to keto-acids takes place in the human organism. This is a reaction of disassimilation of unnecessary amino acids and synthesis of replaceable amino acids.