2010 № 8

Data on the results of Universal State Exam (physics, chemistry and biology) is presented for 2008 and 2009. The conclusions are: few school leavers know content excellent or even good. A comparison is made between academic backgrounds of graduates in Russian Federation on the one hand and Finland, Germany, UK, Japan, Canada, US and some other states on the other hand (PISA results, 2006). Our retardation is obvious in all science fields. The reasons are in the inadequate of educational laws, in underfunding of education, in the shortage of skilled teachers etc.

Associate Head of the Legal Department of the Administration of the All- Russian Trade Union of the Education is answering our readers’ questions.

Data on the chemical analysis of flavoring features of food are cited. The components identified as carriers of a smell, and also their chemical structure is specified.

The article examines possible ways of solving the actual problem of defining planned results of chemistry education in secondary school. Mentioned results in all school subjects are important for modernization of school chemistry experimentation and organization of educational achievements evaluation.

The author examines the methods of organizing activity at the first stage of students’ working on projects.

Offered article opens features of the formation pupil′s chemicoecological competence. This competence is based on the integration of a chemistry subject making knowledge basis, and the ecology forming competent superstructure. As maintenance elements in it are presented chemicoecological competence.

The author offers the program of inter-subject elective course «Chemistry and Ecology» assigned for pre-profile teaching of the 9th Form students.

The educational-methodical set of elective course includes educational materials for students and methodical recommendations for a teacher. The construction of the educational-methodical chemical profile set of elective courses with inclusion of pupils’ project work construction is given. During elective course, which includes the pupils’ project work, three basic stages of preparation can be marked out: introductory stage, development stage and final stage. In our opinion, offered method of chemistry educational-methodical elective courses set construction, is more contansive, consistent and effective.

Given article is based on an operational experience. In work bases of formation key educational компетенций are considered: asset-semantic, common cultural, teaching-cognitive, informative, communicative, social and working, the competence of personal self-improvement. Formation of cimpetencies begins with an elementary school, and comes to an end at the senior school and is based on psychophysiological features of a person.

The design of feedback and systematizing knowledge lesson on the subject of “Carbohydrates” is offered, which precedes the test. Awareness of perception and mastering the course of organic chemistry depends on the level of knowledge and skills within the framework of this section having been formed. There are opportunities and means to implement technologies of developing learning available at this lesson. Individual and differentiated approaches are accomplished while organizing activity as while selecting task content as well: students are provided with an opportunity to choose tasks and work models.

Career guidance connected with applying chemical knowledge is the most effective in case of being conducted systematically: at lessons, elective courses, post-curriculum exercises, at time of practical training. Of course, the most significant part of career-guiding work falls on a lesson. The author provides examples of career-guiding activity at chemistry lessons.

Game for the 8th Form students «Travelling to the chemistry world» is offered. It may be held both while at a lesson as during post-curriculum activities as well. The game mission is to: activate students’ cognitive activity; estimate efficiency to apply knowledge in new conditions; feedback and repeat material. In the course of a game student fulfill different missions while travelling different stations.

The article examines the order of a reaction and its connection with a kinetic equation as a general reaction order as well.

The article describes the chemical experiment using digital laboratories. Digital sensors allow students to solve experimental problems at the lessons of chemistry. A classification of experimental problems is attached.

Gypsum and anhydrite are the most widely spread sulfate minerals. To detect carbonates in a gypsum rock they carry out a qualitative reaction to carbonate-ions. Gypsum content in rocks may vary within the wide range. Very often clayey and marly rocks may be detected, which contain a significant quantity of gypsum or anhydrite. Rocks with low or very low content of trace calcium sulphate are spread out even more widely.

Chromatography is a modern and highly versatile technique allows one to quickly and reliably determine the content of individual components in mixtures, to concentrate and identify these components. Chromatography was carried out sample solutions on filter paper, observing the techniques of obtaining the chromatogram and the method of analysis. At the same time paying particular attention to the position of the chromatographic zones, their color and intensity. Identification of separable ions conducted comparing the observations with the characteristics of chromatographic zones that are listed in the tables. A paper version of the methods of chromatographic analysis is based on distribution and chemisorption mechanism. It differs by simplicity and clarity and is used for separation, identification and quantification of various substances and can be used for practical training in school.

The author offers a version of the game for four teams from the parallel of the 11th Forms, which can be held during a chemistry week at school.

This intellectual game is designed for the 8th and 9th Form students. The mission of the game is to solidify knowledge on the most important themes of chemistry course.

In the end of the first three months of the year the author conducts for the 8 Form students lesson-holiday “Consecration into chemists”. To attend such a lesson even students of the 7th Form may be invited, who are going to study this subject the next year. At the lesson students come to know about interesting facts from history of chemistry, expand their knowledge about chemistry subject and about ways of study, which are typical for that science.