2010 № 4

The author speculates on what is the most important in the work of a teacher, what kind of goals a teacher sets for oneself, necessity of developing students’ abilities and teaching them generalized ways of activity through the learning process.

Senior Expert on legal issues of the Central Committee of the Trade Union of the Education and Science of the Russian Federation is answering our readers’ questions.

Isoelectronic particles help to study the molecules structure. The usefulness of the conception of isoelectronic molecules, ions, and crystal structures in the study of chemical bounds, as well as the structure and properties of inorganic and organic compounds, had been proved. The isoelectronic series of particles with one, two and three atoms of the elements of the second period of the periodic table of elements had been considered. Inside one of a series the difference in the electronic structure, associated with the delocalization of electrons of π-bonds, can arise. Attention is paid to the similarity of electronic structures of molecules of ozone, formate ion and nitro-group.

The technology to organize and conduct the lessons for maturing differentiated teaching in the form of a seminar-practicum is described. Using the “Base classis of inorganic compounds” topic for the 8 form as an example, one considered how the teacher should act to take into account individuality of each scholar and help him to make an advance on individual education trajectory. The technology of estimation of individual attainments of scholars is described. The methods of forming the different scholars groups and directing their action during the lesson are discussed; a series of intellectual problems to solve during the lesson are given.

Studying and searching, and creative directions must find their usage in learning process (lesson-researches, learning-playing activity, methods of developing critical thinking, etc.). Then learning will gain its developing and personal-oriented nature. It is important to get students acquainted with principles of scientific research, modeling it at a lesson. At the same time not less important task of studying subject is being solved, which a comprehend development of a person, one’s intellectual and moral perfection, increase of activity and creative potential is. Methods of organizing and conducting a lesson-research are considered in the article, and the design of the lesson on the subject of “Candle burning” is offered.

High rates of scientific and technical growth, dilative information space dictate the necessity of developing human abilities of self-learning and independent decision-making. Well-developed organizational skills not only increase activity of comprehension, reducing the required time, but also determine a possibility of involving students into the process of self-education. To form organizational skills it is necessary to include special methods into the learning process, to create conditions to show an active position of students, which will govern the necessity to organize one’s own educational activity.

Problem of using visual methods for effective teaching of chemistry is examined in this paper. We’ve come to solving the above mentioned problem from the position of revealing student’s cognitive styles. This hypothesis formed by us, means that to improve the results of teaching chemistry teachers should begin with visual methods and organize student’s practice in their acquaintance with objects and phenomenon they master. Experimental control confirmed our hypothesis. It allowed us to reveal a part of students (14% at school and 29% at gymnasium) that were not sensitive enough to the order of information presentation.

To ask students questions, to provide them with an opportunity to apply knowledge immediately at the lesson of learning the new material is exactly the approach, which is used at two lessons on the subject of “Carboxylic acids”. The design of a seminar is offered, and the possible way how to apply an individual approach to students has been shown.

Use of information technologies, including technologies of multimedia and distance technologies, at the lessons of chemistry contributes to the cognitive interest of pupils, enhances the quality of Learning and permits to construct individual educational trajectories of students. During 2005-2009 performed work on the development and implementation in schools Chkalovsky district of Yekaterinburg information environment of distance learning. Distance learning course in chemistry is structured in line with the functionality of the distance learning system and includes 200 shots, including 30 schemes, 25 figures, 6 tests, 12 research jobs, animation clips illustrating themes, challenging the understanding by pupils, such as «The structure of the ethylene molecule. SP2 hybridization» and «Recognition of ethylene using a solution of potassium permanganate or bromine water». Results of the pilot implementation of distance learning course of general chemistry in schools of Yekaterinburg indicate increased motivation to study chemistry.

This paper presents entertaining tasks of the chemistry with instandard conditions for the pupils of the 8-11 classes, assist development your creative and intellect activity. The offered tasks may be used for security and extension of the pupils’ knowledge, for preparation to participation in the chemical Olympiads, intellect marathons and other competitions.

The problem of objective estimation of the results of educational activity of pupils becomes rather actually at a stage of leaving secondary school. Introduction of the Unified State Examination in chemistry as the final form of certification, today does not solve this problem as control and measuring materials do not meet the requirements of reliability, validity that is why do not allow to receive objective estimations of a level of pupils’ knowledge. This problem is discussed with the framework of G. Rush one-parametrical model of the control and measuring materials demonstration version of the Unified State Examination in chemistry for 2009 taken as an example.

Nucleic acids are studied in chemistry and biology school courses. Often student study these topics at different times, and each of those disciplines provides an opportunity to consider DNA and RNA from different standpoints, without creating an integrated idea regarding an object being studied meanwhile. The organization of an integrated lesson allows avoiding such disadvantages. Chemistry and biology are two disciplines, which form deliberate attitude towards the outward things, elementary competence in every-day issues and a safe position towards many situations, which humanity encounters at the present time.

Opportunities of using methods of problem and developing teaching chemistry in the 9th and 11th Forms of a secondary school are shown in the paper. These entire methods are based on the new, developed by the author, school chemical experiments with solutions of some acid salts. Problem situations, which are created with the help of suggested tests, must be solved by students under the leadership of a teacher on the basis of theoretical analysis of experiments under review.

The most complete and detailed description of the conventional way of collecting gas above water is given in a reduced way by all authors of textbooks and manual guides. The author tells us about the way, usage of which when collecting gas above water promotes in its every way increase in chemical experiment culture.

The idea of amphotericity (amphoterism) has taken its strong roots in chemistry in the way of ability of matters to reveal their ambivalent nature in chemical reactions. As a rule, ambivalence means that the same matter behaves both an acid as a base as well depending on a type of the second reagent. The authors have designed a variant of the experience, which proves ambivalence of amino acids behavior. Its main point is that regarding reagents, which alkali and acid are, an amino acid is taken in plenty.

The scenario of oral magazine “Chemistry to Front” is offered, which was prepared and conducted on the eve of the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the victory on the Great Patriotic War within the framework of the complex of events under the common name “The band of memory”. The magazine content exposes the role chemists played during the years of the war.

This article is including to themselves some episodes from scientific work by G. Gamow. The self-control by Gamow and Gamow’s friends reminiscences are given.