2010 № 3

It is exactly at school, where scientific way of thinking is developed, gifted students are stood out, out of those students it is possible later, while supporting their sense of curiosity and getting them acquainted with ways of research, to get worthy students, and later on – successful scientists. That is why it is necessary to include research type of activity into the academic process.

Senior Expert on legal issues of the Central Committee of the Trade Union of the Education and Science of the Russian Federation is answering our readers’ questions.

Calcium is an element, which is presented in a human organism in the largest quantity. The role calcium plays in the life of a human organism is significant. All cells from primitive unicellular organisms to neurons of cerebral cortex of big hemispheres of a man’s brain depend on calcium metabolism.

The theory and application of the V.V. Guseev integral technology for chemistry teaching are considered in details. “The base classis of inorganic compounds” topic was chosen as an example for the mentioned consideration. The work of teacher on each stage of planning the content and action for the bloc of lessons on this topic is discussed. A special attention was given to organization of the training-minimum and seminar-practicum for improvement of the skills and habits of scholars.

Complexity and the content of integrated cognitive tasks are determined by their didactic purpose in accordance with an each particular stage of their application as with the level of maturity of systematic knowledge and integrated skills of students as well. Examples of tasks, which can be used at the stage of actualization of knowledge and skills as at the stage of new material study and feedback, are offered.

The methods of using creative tasks on theme “Substances and reactions”, which is a key one in the course of chemistry, at lessons in gymnasia classes, are considered.

In their search for creation teachers apply to different teaching technologies. Elaborations of the lesson on the subject of “Salts of carbonic acid” in the 9th Form with using elements of a simulated game (in the type of a press-conference) and using technology “Reading and Writing to develop critical way of thinking” are offered. Chemical experiment is also included in both lessons.

At an integrated lesson students are got involved into non-stereotypical cognitive activity, while thinking processes of analysis and synthesis are taking an active place, and culture of thinking, memory, and attention are developing. The design of an integrated chemistry and physics lesson on the subject of “Adsorption” is offered. As a result of integrated knowledge, the scientific outlook of students keeps forming; images related the object of cognition keep broadening. Chemical experiment is included into a lesson.

The design of the lesson in the 9th Form is offered. For the purpose of developing students’ concern in a subject, activity, and independency at a lesson they use a game, which contains problem situations to develop students’ logical way of thinking. Students are divided into groups, each of them is provided with a test-list to fill in with the score for tasks accomplished.

The technology of drawing up of test tasks for conformity, an establishment of correct sequence is shown. Examples of tasks on a theme «Limiting hydrocarbons» are resulted. Examples are resulted.

The design of the lesson conducted in accordance with the program of O.S. Gabriyelyan in a profile medical and biological 10th Form is offered. At the lesson conditions to perceive and to feedback initially the new material regarding the structure and behavior of sucrose as a representative of disaccharides are created, practical meaning of the studies material is shown, skills of research work and ability to work in a team are developed. The lesson allows to support the interest to the subject studied.

The article deals with the mathematical rules of approximate calculations needed for the correct solution of chemical problems. Not only the rules of calculations are formulated, but the rules of choosing the calculation method as well, this being essential for solving chemical problems. As regard to mathematical aspect, the rules of rounding off, addition, subtraction and multiplication of approximate numbers are formulated as well as the rule of interpolation. As regard to chemical aspect, the approximate and exact values are considered. The implementation of the following tasks is examined: rounding off numerical values of physical parameters given in the task; planning mathematical calculations, finding missing values by means of interpolation as well as the selection and conversion of units of physical values. The authors emphasize the idea that approximate calculations should become an important part of mathematical education.

Such terms as “molar mass” and “molar volume of gases” are normally difficult for students to master due to their fair link to real life. For students to be able to use acquired knowledge on the given topics in practice, at one of the lessons or during post-curriculum activities the author offers them to solve an even captivating, though made-up problem.

In the 11th Form within the framework of preparation for the Centralized Testing the lesson of solving tasks can be carried out. In those tasks it is demanded to determine the composition of the mixture of substances with similar behavior. The article offers a detailed solution of one of typical tasks and tasks for independent solving are provided.

Chemical equilibrium displacement is one of the most important chemical phenomena, on the base of which optimal conditions of carrying out balanced (reversible) reaction both in laboratory practice as in industry as well are chosen. This is also the main part of theme “Chemical equilibrium” in the course of a secondary school, which has been developed to its utmost in tasks and tests. At the same time, when considering equilibrium displacement, interesting systematic and theoretical aspects can be used, which are not paid enough attention to.

Students’ projects under conditions of modern educational process gain more and more popularity, that’s why study of project technology becomes being a topical direction. The technology of organizing research activity of students is offered. The presented project has a practical meaning, because its results can be used in everyday life.

While conducting a laboratory experiment at school, teachers often encounter a problem of lack of necessary reagents. Of course, sometimes there is an opportunity to find a replacement for absent reagents, but such a replacement is not always possible. For instance, one of the most famous experiments, which is the explosion of the mixture of potassium chlorate (Bertolette salt) with red phosphorus, demands exactly potassium chlorate (its replacement with potassium bromate doesn’t bring any result).

More years have passed more attention is attracted to the scientific ideas and proceedings of D.I. Mendeleev from the side of diversified experts, historians, philosophers, and educational specialists. From year to year the number of published articles dedicated to the proceeding of the great scientist, keeps increasing. All that is not in vain: no matter which area of science or practice the scientist had touched, in each of them he succeeded to establish his “fundamentals” and to find new original and distinctive solutions for even the most complicated tasks, including tasks during world exhibitions, six of which D.I. Mendeleev had attended.

One of the major tasks of education is to prepare our growing up generation for the life in the world of being busy. An educational system must accomplish such a preparation, considering the fact of important changes taken place in the market of being busy. At the same time processes taken place in the world of being busy and professions, influence the position of families and local communities, and, furthermore, are reflected on young people, their perspectives, life philosophy, and personal goals.

The main purpose of the article is to demonstrate we can use science to do amazing things. The article represents the advantages of using of shooting in chemistry out-of-class work. The article contains the author's script for the stage version with chemical effects. The script “Philosopher's stone” may be used as a stage version in every school study of chemistry. The stage represents the experiences of all chemical effects.

Developing the informative activity of students solves one of the most important task of the up – to – date education by using the after – hour lessons. This target is transformation of the school knowledge into the method of the world’s experiencing. It works as the foundation for the profile and the pre-profile students’ preparations in chemistry.